Damage of the Lingual nerve is one of the most common problems during any procedure in oral surgery, especially during removal of the third molar. Following a microsurgical removal and damage recieved by the Lingual nerve, there is a lack of regeneration of the gustatory fibers in comparison 10 the sensory fibers. The histologic investigation of 200 Cadaver Lingual nerve preparations showed that the CHORDA-TYMPANI fibers distribute widely in the fascicles of the Lingual nerve. It is therefore concluded that the chance of the gustatory.fibers, regeneration in the third molar region, is very low, following microsurgical reconstruction of the Lingual nerve.

Lingual nerve and CHORDA - TYMPANI are usually damaged during surgical removal of the lower third molar, tooth, removed. The frequency of the damage rated 11 to 22% of all operations. This is mainly due to a lack of knowledge on the position of these nerves in lower third molar region. A group of 430 fresh cadavers have been studied for this anatomical landmark. Results indicated that the distance between upper border of nerve sheath and lingual crest of alveolar process vertical dimension, to be at 3.01±0.42 mm and the distance between lateral border of nerve sheath and middle of lingual plate in lower third molar region horizontal dimension to be at 2.06±1.1mm. The nerve was found to be in contact with lingual plate in 22.3 % of all cases.

A2-year-old cachectic cross-breed gelding was admitted to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of University of Tehran following the onset of a marked respiratory distress, coughing and ventral edema. Clinical examinations indicated harsh respiratory and expiratory sounds as well as jugular vein distention. The respiratory and heart rates were 35/min and 60 bpm, respectively. Agrade III/IV pansystolic murmur with the PMI on the tricuspid valve, which could be heard on the left side, was detected. Sinus tachycardia was revealed by electrocardiography. Rupture of the CHORDA tendineae of the tricuspid valve, pulmonary artery regurgitation, pulmonary artery hypertension, tricuspid valve regurgitation, pulmonary artery, and right ventricular dilation were also found in echocardiography. These findings were confirmed at post mortem examinations. On the basis of the findings, CHORDA tendineae rapture of the tricuspid valve and right side heart failure due to primary pulmonary hypertension were diagnosed.

This study aims to fabricate an optimum interface surface for intracochlear catheter applications. The samples were first fabricated of two-component liquid dimethyl siloxane by designing and fabricating a mold, and then the assembly underwent surface treatment using a plasma irradiation device. The water contact angle test results showed an increase in the surface hydrophilicity of this material that water drop contact angle of origin silicone is 105°,that after treatment decrease to 60°, , which has the property of reducing the effect of cellular cutting in the inner ear when passing through the scala TYMPANI. The surface engagement during passage was also minimized with an increase in surface roughness at the nanoscale. SEM and AFM photomicrographs and nano graphs show that the morphology of catheter surface in nanoscale changed and roughness increased, which is desirable for this purpose. The cell viability test results showed an improved adhesion and cell growth on the modified surface and origin silicone, and 95 % viability of cells confirmed, indicating the optimal biocompatibility of the modified silicone sample. This catheter can be used in cochlear implantation and drug delivery before surgery to enhance therapeutic efficiency.

Background: The surgical management of cholesteatoma is a controversial issue, particularly regarding intact-canal-wall mastoidectomy (ICWM) versus canal-wall-down mastoidectomy (CWDM). The current experiment compared the quality of visualization in different middle ear structures using ICWM with otoendoscopy with findings of CWDM by microscopy. Materials and Methods: The patients diagnosed with cholesteatoma underwent tympanomastoidectomy, and then the patients selected for CWDM were included in the study (25 patients: 11 females and 14 males). After removing the cholesteatoma from the involved areas, otoendoscopic examination was done with a 4 mm, 0o endoscope by a neurootologist. All five middle ear structures (lateral epitympanum, sinus TYMPANI, posterior crus of the stapes, round window niche, and Eustachian tube orifice) suspected of occult cholesteatoma were evaluated in terms of having or lacking the pathology. Then, CWDM was performed and all of the mentioned sites were reevaluated for diagnosing occult cholesteatoma.Results: The symmetric measures were 73%, 92%, 63%, 81%, and 100% for lateral epitympanum, sinus TYMPANI, posterior crus of the stapes, round window niche, and Eustachian tube orifice, respectively.Conclusion: Otoendoscopy was confirmed to have a great potential to be adopted by surgeons as a less invasive procedure in the surgical management of middle ear cholesteatoma.

Introduction: Congenital or acquired hearing disorders may cause conductive or sensory-neural low hearing. In addition, non-sufficient development of Eustachian tube and mastoid cells old may cause conductive hearing disorders in children under 12 years old. Thus, performing hearing screening studies in this range of ages may help us to identify the children with hearing disorders. By detecting the type of hearing disorders, it is possible to help these children in their learning procedure. By considering these, the present study has been designed to investigate the hearing conditions in the primary school children (fifth level) of Semnan city.Materials and Methods: In order to determine the prevalence of hearing impairment in primary school children (fifth level), this study of 2081 children was performed in two stages. In the first stage, these children were screened by otoscopy, pure tone audiometry (three frequencies of 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz at 20 dB). In the next stage, the suspected students with hearing loss referred to the audiometry clinic to undergo a complete tests including; 1) speech audiometric tests, 2) audiometric tests with frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz, and 3) tympanometry tests to determine the type of hearing loss. Results: The results indicate 6.9% of impacted cerumen, 17.9% of slight cerumen, 3.6% of TYMPANIc disorder and 4.1% of hearing loss among the fifth-level students, with significantly higher hearing loss in the south area compared to the other area (P<0.05). The percentage of impacted cerumen was twice in the student girls, compared to the boys (P<0.05), while the percentage of observed TYMPANI disorder was five times in the boys compared to the girls (P<0.01). No difference was seen between boys and girls students in term of observed hearing loss.Conclusion: The obtained results showed the presence of impact cerumen, TYMPANI disorder and hearing loss in the fifth level primary school children which indicate the importance of performing such a screening studies and also planning the health training programs for preventive care of hearing loss in the school and family.

The existence of toxicants in ecosystems has been increased dramatically in recent years, especially in aquatic environments. Phenols and chlorinated phenol derivatives are toxic industrial compounds. Phenols and derivatives are known to be environmental contaminants. In the present study, 2, 4-Dichlorophenol, 2-Chlorophenol and substituted phenol were tested for embryotoxicity and mortality in a four-day period using zebrafish, Danio rerio embryos. Tested phenol derivatives caused teratogenicity and embryo mortality in the embryos. The semi static 48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) value for Substituted-phenol was 13. 850 mg L-1; the corresponding values for 2-Chlorophenol and 2, 4-Dichlorophenol were 8. 378 mg L-1 and 6. 558 mg L-1, respectively. The endpoints are incomplete eyes, head and tail, heart and CHORDA deformity, yolk sac edema, tail curvature, shrunken eyes, lordosis, delayed hatching, weak pigmentation, heart edema and non-pigmentation after exposure to the compounds. 2, 4-Dichlorophenol was found to be more toxic than the others. This paper is the first to describe the relative toxicity of a suite of phenols in the early life stages of zebrafish.